Ocular allergy in children and adolescents
Main Article Content
Keywords
Ocular Allergy, Allergic Conjunctivitis, Rhinoconjunctivitis
Abstract
The association between symptoms of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis (RC) and allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is frequent, and AC is considered a comorbidity of asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR). Ocular symptoms are often underestimated and undertreated.
Differences according to gender were reported, because girls present symptoms more frequently. The development of RC depends on genetic and environmental factors, and recent studies have indicated that gender, family history of atopy, early sensitization, food allergy, and atopic dermatitis are risk factors for allergic RC. There are six well-defined clinical forms of ocular allergy: seasonal AC, perennial AC, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, and contact blepharoconjunctivitis.
References
1. Geraldini M, Chong Neto HJ, Riedi CA, Rosário Filho NA. Epidemiology of ocular allergy and co-morbidities in adolescents. J Pediatr. 2013;89:354–60. 10.1016/j.jped.2013.01.001
2. Brozek JL, Bousquet J, Cagnani CEB, Bonini S, Canonica WG, Casale TB, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines: 2010 Revision. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:466–76. 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.06.047
3. Asher MI, Montefort S, Bjorksten B, Lai CK, Strachan DP, Weiland SK, et al. Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys. Lancet 2006;368(9537):33–43. 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69283-0
4. Wilmer FAP, Maurici R, Nazário CAK, Nazário KCK, Pássaro PFA, Piazza HE, et al. Evolução temporal na prevalência de asma e rinoconjuntivite em adolescentes. Rev Saúde Pública. 2015;49: 1–8. 10.1590/S0034-8910.2015049005558
5. Bousquet J, Anto JM, Wickman M, Keil T, Valenta R, Haahtela T, et al. Are allergic multimorbidities and IgE polysensitization associated with the persistence or re-occurrence of foetal type 2 signalling? The MeDALL hypothesis. Allergy. 2015;70:1062–78. 10.1111/all.12637
6. Bielory L, Schoenberg D. Emerging therapeutics for ocular surface disease. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2019;19:16. 10.1007/s11882-019-0844-8
7. Gradman J, Wolthers OD. Allergic conjunctivitis in children with asthma, rhinitis and eczema in a secondary outpatient clinic. Pediatr Allergy and Immunol. 2006;17:524–26. 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2006.00429.x
8. Rosario NA, Bielory L. Epidemiology of allergic conjunctivitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011, 11:471–6. 10.1097/ACI.0b013e32834a9676
9. Hesselmar B, Aberg B, Eriksson B, Aberg N. Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, eczema, and sensitization in two areas with differing climates. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2001;12:208–15. 10.1034/j.1399-3038.2001.012004208.x
10. Bielory L, Delgado L, Katelaris CH, Leonardi A, Rosario N, Vichyanond P. ICON: Diagnosis and management of allergic conjunctivitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020;124:118–34. 10.1016/j.anai.2019.11.014
11. Gelardi M, Leo ME, Quaranta VN, Uannuzzi L, Tripodi S, Quaranta N, et al. Clinical characteristics associated with conjunctival inflammation in allergic conjunctivitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2015;3:387–91. 10.1016/j.jaip.2015.01.006
12. Leonardi A, Castegnaro A, Valerio ALG, Lazzarini D. Epidemiology of allergic conjunctivitis: Clinical appearance and treatment patterns in a population-based study. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;15:482–88. 10.1097/ACI.0000000000000204
13. Bousquet J, Scheunemann HJ, Togias A, Bachert C, Erhola M, Hellings PW, et al. Next-generation Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines for allergic rhinitis based on Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) and real-world evidence. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145:70–80. 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.06.049
14. Baroody FM, Foster K, Markarian A, de Tineo M, Naclerio R. Nasal ocular reflexes occur after nasal challenge with allergen. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:S162. 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.11.573
15. Chong Neto HJ, Rosario NA, Westphal GLC, Riedi CA, Santos HLBS. Allergic conjunctivitis in asthmatic children: As common as underreported. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;105:399–400. 10.1016/j.anai.2010.08.020
16. Mikkelsen S, Dinh KM, Boldsen JK, Pedersen OB, Holst GJ, Petersen MS, et al. Combinations of self-reported rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and asthma predicts IgE sensitization in more than 25,000 Danes. Clin Transl Allergy. 2021;11:e12013. 10.1002/clt2.12013
17. Amaral R, Bousquet J, Pereira AM, Araújo LM, Sá-Sousa A, Jacinto T, et al Disentangling the heterogeneity of allergic respiratory diseases by latent class analysis reveals novel phenotypes. Allergy. 2019;74:698–708. 10.1111/all.13670
18. Fröhlich M, Pinart M, Keller T, Reich A, Cabieses B, Hohmannet C, et al. Is there a sex-shift in prevalence of allergic rhinitis and comorbid asthma from childhood to adulthood? A meta-analysis. Clin Transl Allergy. 2017;7:44. 10.1186/s13601-017-0176-5
19. Rosario CS, Cardozo CA, Chong Neto HJ, Rosario NA. Do gender and puberty influence allergic diseases? Allergol Immuno-pathol (Madr). 2021;49(2):122–5. 10.15586/aei.v49i2.49
20. De Martinis M, Sirufo MM, Suppa M, Di Silvestre D, Ginaldi L. Sex and gender aspects for patient stratification in allergy prevention and treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:1535. 10.3390/ijms21041535
21. Keller T, Hohmann C, Santi M, Wjga AH, Gehring U, Melen E, et al. The sex-shift in single disease and multimorbid asthma and rhinitis during puberty—A study by MeDALL. Allergy 2018;73:602–14. 10.1111/all.13312
22. Christiansen ES, Kjaer, HF, Eller E, Bindslev-Jensen C, Høst A, Mortz CG, et al. Early childhood risk factors for rhinoconjunctivitis in adolescence: A prospective birth cohort study. Clin Transl Allergy. 2017;7:9. 10.1186/s13601-017-0147-x
23. Bielory L. Allergic and immunologic disorders of the eye. Part II: Ocular allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106:1019–32. 10.1067/mai.2000.111238
24. Leonardi A, Doan S, Fauquert JL, Bozkurt B, Allegri P, Marmouz F, et al. Diagnostic tools in ocular allergy. Allergy. 2017;72:1485–98. 10.1111/all.13178
25. Leonardi A, Bogacka E, Fauquert JL, Kowalski ML, Groblewska A, Jderzejczak-Czechowicz M, et al. Ocular allergy: Recognizing and diagnosing hypersensitivity disorders of the ocular surface. Allergy. 2012;67:1327–37. 10.1111/all.12009
26. Miyazaki D, Takamura E, Uchio E, Ebihara N, Ohno S, Ohashi Y, et al. Japanese guidelines for allergic conjunctival diseases 2020. Allergol Int. 2020;69: 346–55. 10.1016/j.alit.2020.03.005
27. Irani AA. Ocular mast cells and mediators. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2008;28:25–42. 10.1016/j.iac.2007.12.006
28. Yamana Y, Fukuda K, Ko R, Uchio E. Local allergic conjunctivitis: A phenotype of allergic conjunctivitis. Int Ophthalmol. 2019;39:2539–44. 10.1007/s10792-019-01101-z
29. Yamana Y, Yamana S, Uchio E. Relationship among total tear IgE, specific serum IgE, and total serum IgE levels in patients with pollen-induced allergic conjunctivitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2022;260(1):281–7. 10.1007/s00417-021-05348-0
30. Mimura T, Yamagami S, Kamei Y, Goto M, Matsubara M. Specific IgE in tear fluid and features of allergic conjunctivitis. Curr Eye Res. 2013;38:917–25. 10.3109/02713683.2013.794248
31. Fukuda K, Fujitsu Y, Seki K, Kumagai N, Nishida T. Differential expression of thymus-and activation-regulated chemokine (CCL17) and macrophage-derived chemokine (CCL22) by human fibroblasts from cornea, skin, and lung. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111:520–26. 10.1067/mai.2003.59
32. Majmudar PA. Allergic conjunctivitis. [cited 2020 Dec 12]. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191467-overview
33. Schmidt S. Ocular allergies: Red, itchy eye triggers and OTC ophthalmic treatments. S Afr Pharm J. 2020;87:35–8.
34. Dhami S, Nurmatov U, Arasi S, Khan T, Asaria M, Zaman H, et al. Allergen immunotherapy for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy. 2017;72:1597–631. 10.1111/all.13201
35. Roberts G, Pfaar O, Akdis CA, Ansotegui IJ, Durham SR, van Wijk RG, et al. Guidelines on allergen immunotherapy: Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Allergy. 2018;73:765–98. 10.1111/all.13317
36. Bousquet J, Pfaar O, Togias A, Schunemann HJ, Ansotegui I, Papadopoulos NG, et al. The ARIA Working Group. 2019 ARIA Care pathways for allergen immunotherapy. Allergy. 2019;74:2087–102. 10.1111/all.13805
37. Leonardi A, Silva D, Formigo DP, Bozkurt B, Sharma V, Allegri P, et al. Management of ocular allergy. Allergy. 2019;74:1611–30. 10.1111/all.13786
38. Hamrah P, Dana R. Allergic conjunctivitis: Management. In: UpToDate, Post TW, editor. Waltham, MA: UpToDate. [Accessed 5 Dec 2020]. Available at: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/allergic-conjunctivitis-management
39. Fauquert JL. Diagnosing and managing allergic conjunctivitis in childhood: The allergist’s perspective. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2019;30:405–14. 10.1111/pai.13035
40. Naclerio R. Intranasal corticosteroids reduce ocular symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;138:129–39. 10.1016/j.otohns.2007.10.027
41. Fokkens WJ, Jogi R, Reinartz S, Sidorenko I, Sitkauskiene B, van Oene C, et al. Once daily fluticasone furoate nasal spray is effective in seasonal allergic rhinitis caused by grass pollen. Allergy. 2007;62:1078–84. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01522.x
42. Shamji MH, Layhadi JA, Sharif H, Penagos M, Durham SR. Immunological responses and biomarkers for allergen-specific immunotherapy against inhaled allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9:1769–78. 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.03.029
43. Golebski K, Layhadi JA, Sahiner U, Steveling-Klein EH, Lenormand MM, Li RCY, et al. Induction of IL-10-producing type 2 innate lymphoid cells by allergen immunotherapy is associated with clinical response. Immunity. 2021;54:291–307. 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.12.013
44. Sayed KM, Kamel AG, Ali AH. One-year evaluation of clinical and immunological efficacy and safety of sublingual versus subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy in allergic conjunctivitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2019;257:1989–96. 10.1007/s00417-019-04389-w
45. Nelson HS. Subcutaneous immunotherapy versus sublingual immunotherapy: Which is more effective? J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2014;2:144–9. 10.1016/j.jaip.2013.11.018
46. Bielory L, Bielory B, Wagner RS. Allergic and immunologic eye disease. In: Leung DYM, Sampson HA, Geha RS, Szefler SJ, editors. Pediatric allergy: Principles and practice. 3rd ed. New York: Elsevier; 2016. p. 482–97.
47. Papathanassiou M, Giannoulaki V, Tiligada E. Leukotriene antagonists attenuate late phase nitric oxide production during the hypersensitivity response in the conjunctiva. Inflamm Res. 2004;53:373–6. 10.1007/s00011-004-1270-4
48. Abelson MB. A review of olopatadine for the treatment of ocular allergy. Exp Opin Pharmacother. 2004;5:1974–9. 10.1517/14656566.5.9.1979
49. Leonardi A, Doan S, Amrane M, Ismail D, Montero J, Németh J, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of cyclosporine A cationic emulsion in pediatric vernal keratoconjunctivitis: The VEKTIS Study. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(5):671–81. 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.12.027
50. Hoang-Xuan T, Prisant O, Hannouche D, Robin H. Systemic cyclosporine A in severe atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:1300–5. 10.1016/S0161-6420(97)30144-4
51. Gokhale NS, Samant R, Sharma V. Oral cyclosporine therapy for refractory severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2012;60(3):220–3. 10.4103/0301-4738.95878
52. Doan S, Amat F, Gabison E, Saf S, Cochereau I, Just J. Omalizumab in severe refractory vernal keratoconjunctivitis in children: Case series and review of the literature. Ophthalmol Ther. 2017;6:195–206.
53. Simpson RS, Lee JK. Omalizumab as single-dose therapy for vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2019;122:119−20. 10.1016/j.anai.2018.09.458
54. Barnes AC, Blandford AD, Perry JD. Cicatricial ectropion in a patient treated with dupilumab. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2017;7:120–2. 10.1016/j.ajoc.2017.06.017
55. Eyerich S, Metz M, Bossios A, Eyerich K. New biological treatments for asthma and skin allergies. Allergy. 2020;75:546–60. 10.1111/all.14027
2. Brozek JL, Bousquet J, Cagnani CEB, Bonini S, Canonica WG, Casale TB, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines: 2010 Revision. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:466–76. 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.06.047
3. Asher MI, Montefort S, Bjorksten B, Lai CK, Strachan DP, Weiland SK, et al. Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys. Lancet 2006;368(9537):33–43. 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69283-0
4. Wilmer FAP, Maurici R, Nazário CAK, Nazário KCK, Pássaro PFA, Piazza HE, et al. Evolução temporal na prevalência de asma e rinoconjuntivite em adolescentes. Rev Saúde Pública. 2015;49: 1–8. 10.1590/S0034-8910.2015049005558
5. Bousquet J, Anto JM, Wickman M, Keil T, Valenta R, Haahtela T, et al. Are allergic multimorbidities and IgE polysensitization associated with the persistence or re-occurrence of foetal type 2 signalling? The MeDALL hypothesis. Allergy. 2015;70:1062–78. 10.1111/all.12637
6. Bielory L, Schoenberg D. Emerging therapeutics for ocular surface disease. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2019;19:16. 10.1007/s11882-019-0844-8
7. Gradman J, Wolthers OD. Allergic conjunctivitis in children with asthma, rhinitis and eczema in a secondary outpatient clinic. Pediatr Allergy and Immunol. 2006;17:524–26. 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2006.00429.x
8. Rosario NA, Bielory L. Epidemiology of allergic conjunctivitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011, 11:471–6. 10.1097/ACI.0b013e32834a9676
9. Hesselmar B, Aberg B, Eriksson B, Aberg N. Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, eczema, and sensitization in two areas with differing climates. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2001;12:208–15. 10.1034/j.1399-3038.2001.012004208.x
10. Bielory L, Delgado L, Katelaris CH, Leonardi A, Rosario N, Vichyanond P. ICON: Diagnosis and management of allergic conjunctivitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020;124:118–34. 10.1016/j.anai.2019.11.014
11. Gelardi M, Leo ME, Quaranta VN, Uannuzzi L, Tripodi S, Quaranta N, et al. Clinical characteristics associated with conjunctival inflammation in allergic conjunctivitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2015;3:387–91. 10.1016/j.jaip.2015.01.006
12. Leonardi A, Castegnaro A, Valerio ALG, Lazzarini D. Epidemiology of allergic conjunctivitis: Clinical appearance and treatment patterns in a population-based study. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;15:482–88. 10.1097/ACI.0000000000000204
13. Bousquet J, Scheunemann HJ, Togias A, Bachert C, Erhola M, Hellings PW, et al. Next-generation Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines for allergic rhinitis based on Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) and real-world evidence. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145:70–80. 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.06.049
14. Baroody FM, Foster K, Markarian A, de Tineo M, Naclerio R. Nasal ocular reflexes occur after nasal challenge with allergen. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:S162. 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.11.573
15. Chong Neto HJ, Rosario NA, Westphal GLC, Riedi CA, Santos HLBS. Allergic conjunctivitis in asthmatic children: As common as underreported. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;105:399–400. 10.1016/j.anai.2010.08.020
16. Mikkelsen S, Dinh KM, Boldsen JK, Pedersen OB, Holst GJ, Petersen MS, et al. Combinations of self-reported rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and asthma predicts IgE sensitization in more than 25,000 Danes. Clin Transl Allergy. 2021;11:e12013. 10.1002/clt2.12013
17. Amaral R, Bousquet J, Pereira AM, Araújo LM, Sá-Sousa A, Jacinto T, et al Disentangling the heterogeneity of allergic respiratory diseases by latent class analysis reveals novel phenotypes. Allergy. 2019;74:698–708. 10.1111/all.13670
18. Fröhlich M, Pinart M, Keller T, Reich A, Cabieses B, Hohmannet C, et al. Is there a sex-shift in prevalence of allergic rhinitis and comorbid asthma from childhood to adulthood? A meta-analysis. Clin Transl Allergy. 2017;7:44. 10.1186/s13601-017-0176-5
19. Rosario CS, Cardozo CA, Chong Neto HJ, Rosario NA. Do gender and puberty influence allergic diseases? Allergol Immuno-pathol (Madr). 2021;49(2):122–5. 10.15586/aei.v49i2.49
20. De Martinis M, Sirufo MM, Suppa M, Di Silvestre D, Ginaldi L. Sex and gender aspects for patient stratification in allergy prevention and treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:1535. 10.3390/ijms21041535
21. Keller T, Hohmann C, Santi M, Wjga AH, Gehring U, Melen E, et al. The sex-shift in single disease and multimorbid asthma and rhinitis during puberty—A study by MeDALL. Allergy 2018;73:602–14. 10.1111/all.13312
22. Christiansen ES, Kjaer, HF, Eller E, Bindslev-Jensen C, Høst A, Mortz CG, et al. Early childhood risk factors for rhinoconjunctivitis in adolescence: A prospective birth cohort study. Clin Transl Allergy. 2017;7:9. 10.1186/s13601-017-0147-x
23. Bielory L. Allergic and immunologic disorders of the eye. Part II: Ocular allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106:1019–32. 10.1067/mai.2000.111238
24. Leonardi A, Doan S, Fauquert JL, Bozkurt B, Allegri P, Marmouz F, et al. Diagnostic tools in ocular allergy. Allergy. 2017;72:1485–98. 10.1111/all.13178
25. Leonardi A, Bogacka E, Fauquert JL, Kowalski ML, Groblewska A, Jderzejczak-Czechowicz M, et al. Ocular allergy: Recognizing and diagnosing hypersensitivity disorders of the ocular surface. Allergy. 2012;67:1327–37. 10.1111/all.12009
26. Miyazaki D, Takamura E, Uchio E, Ebihara N, Ohno S, Ohashi Y, et al. Japanese guidelines for allergic conjunctival diseases 2020. Allergol Int. 2020;69: 346–55. 10.1016/j.alit.2020.03.005
27. Irani AA. Ocular mast cells and mediators. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2008;28:25–42. 10.1016/j.iac.2007.12.006
28. Yamana Y, Fukuda K, Ko R, Uchio E. Local allergic conjunctivitis: A phenotype of allergic conjunctivitis. Int Ophthalmol. 2019;39:2539–44. 10.1007/s10792-019-01101-z
29. Yamana Y, Yamana S, Uchio E. Relationship among total tear IgE, specific serum IgE, and total serum IgE levels in patients with pollen-induced allergic conjunctivitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2022;260(1):281–7. 10.1007/s00417-021-05348-0
30. Mimura T, Yamagami S, Kamei Y, Goto M, Matsubara M. Specific IgE in tear fluid and features of allergic conjunctivitis. Curr Eye Res. 2013;38:917–25. 10.3109/02713683.2013.794248
31. Fukuda K, Fujitsu Y, Seki K, Kumagai N, Nishida T. Differential expression of thymus-and activation-regulated chemokine (CCL17) and macrophage-derived chemokine (CCL22) by human fibroblasts from cornea, skin, and lung. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111:520–26. 10.1067/mai.2003.59
32. Majmudar PA. Allergic conjunctivitis. [cited 2020 Dec 12]. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191467-overview
33. Schmidt S. Ocular allergies: Red, itchy eye triggers and OTC ophthalmic treatments. S Afr Pharm J. 2020;87:35–8.
34. Dhami S, Nurmatov U, Arasi S, Khan T, Asaria M, Zaman H, et al. Allergen immunotherapy for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy. 2017;72:1597–631. 10.1111/all.13201
35. Roberts G, Pfaar O, Akdis CA, Ansotegui IJ, Durham SR, van Wijk RG, et al. Guidelines on allergen immunotherapy: Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Allergy. 2018;73:765–98. 10.1111/all.13317
36. Bousquet J, Pfaar O, Togias A, Schunemann HJ, Ansotegui I, Papadopoulos NG, et al. The ARIA Working Group. 2019 ARIA Care pathways for allergen immunotherapy. Allergy. 2019;74:2087–102. 10.1111/all.13805
37. Leonardi A, Silva D, Formigo DP, Bozkurt B, Sharma V, Allegri P, et al. Management of ocular allergy. Allergy. 2019;74:1611–30. 10.1111/all.13786
38. Hamrah P, Dana R. Allergic conjunctivitis: Management. In: UpToDate, Post TW, editor. Waltham, MA: UpToDate. [Accessed 5 Dec 2020]. Available at: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/allergic-conjunctivitis-management
39. Fauquert JL. Diagnosing and managing allergic conjunctivitis in childhood: The allergist’s perspective. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2019;30:405–14. 10.1111/pai.13035
40. Naclerio R. Intranasal corticosteroids reduce ocular symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;138:129–39. 10.1016/j.otohns.2007.10.027
41. Fokkens WJ, Jogi R, Reinartz S, Sidorenko I, Sitkauskiene B, van Oene C, et al. Once daily fluticasone furoate nasal spray is effective in seasonal allergic rhinitis caused by grass pollen. Allergy. 2007;62:1078–84. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01522.x
42. Shamji MH, Layhadi JA, Sharif H, Penagos M, Durham SR. Immunological responses and biomarkers for allergen-specific immunotherapy against inhaled allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9:1769–78. 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.03.029
43. Golebski K, Layhadi JA, Sahiner U, Steveling-Klein EH, Lenormand MM, Li RCY, et al. Induction of IL-10-producing type 2 innate lymphoid cells by allergen immunotherapy is associated with clinical response. Immunity. 2021;54:291–307. 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.12.013
44. Sayed KM, Kamel AG, Ali AH. One-year evaluation of clinical and immunological efficacy and safety of sublingual versus subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy in allergic conjunctivitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2019;257:1989–96. 10.1007/s00417-019-04389-w
45. Nelson HS. Subcutaneous immunotherapy versus sublingual immunotherapy: Which is more effective? J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2014;2:144–9. 10.1016/j.jaip.2013.11.018
46. Bielory L, Bielory B, Wagner RS. Allergic and immunologic eye disease. In: Leung DYM, Sampson HA, Geha RS, Szefler SJ, editors. Pediatric allergy: Principles and practice. 3rd ed. New York: Elsevier; 2016. p. 482–97.
47. Papathanassiou M, Giannoulaki V, Tiligada E. Leukotriene antagonists attenuate late phase nitric oxide production during the hypersensitivity response in the conjunctiva. Inflamm Res. 2004;53:373–6. 10.1007/s00011-004-1270-4
48. Abelson MB. A review of olopatadine for the treatment of ocular allergy. Exp Opin Pharmacother. 2004;5:1974–9. 10.1517/14656566.5.9.1979
49. Leonardi A, Doan S, Amrane M, Ismail D, Montero J, Németh J, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of cyclosporine A cationic emulsion in pediatric vernal keratoconjunctivitis: The VEKTIS Study. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(5):671–81. 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.12.027
50. Hoang-Xuan T, Prisant O, Hannouche D, Robin H. Systemic cyclosporine A in severe atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:1300–5. 10.1016/S0161-6420(97)30144-4
51. Gokhale NS, Samant R, Sharma V. Oral cyclosporine therapy for refractory severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2012;60(3):220–3. 10.4103/0301-4738.95878
52. Doan S, Amat F, Gabison E, Saf S, Cochereau I, Just J. Omalizumab in severe refractory vernal keratoconjunctivitis in children: Case series and review of the literature. Ophthalmol Ther. 2017;6:195–206.
53. Simpson RS, Lee JK. Omalizumab as single-dose therapy for vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2019;122:119−20. 10.1016/j.anai.2018.09.458
54. Barnes AC, Blandford AD, Perry JD. Cicatricial ectropion in a patient treated with dupilumab. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2017;7:120–2. 10.1016/j.ajoc.2017.06.017
55. Eyerich S, Metz M, Bossios A, Eyerich K. New biological treatments for asthma and skin allergies. Allergy. 2020;75:546–60. 10.1111/all.14027
Article Sidebar
Published
May 20, 2022
Article Details
How to Cite
Chong-Neto, H. J., Rosario, C., Leonardi, A., & Rosario Filho, N. A. (2022). Ocular allergy in children and adolescents. Allergologia Et Immunopathologia, 50(SP1), 30-36. https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v50iSP1.536
Section
Review Article
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Chong-Neto, H. J., Rosario, C., Leonardi, A., & Rosario Filho, N. A. (2022). Ocular allergy in children and adolescents. Allergologia Et Immunopathologia, 50(SP1), 30-36. https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v50iSP1.536