Preconception exposure to over-the-counter medications and antibiotics and the risk of childhood asthma in Lebanon: A cross-sectional study
Main Article Content
Keywords
asthma, breastfeeding, children, drugs, paracetamol, pregnancy, proton pump inhibitors
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between the mother’s use of over-the-counter (OTC) medications during pregnancy and asthma in Lebanese children.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on Lebanese students in both public and private schools, between January and September 2017, involving 1000 children aged between 4 and 17 years.
Results: The intake of any medication as an independent variable throughout pregnancy reveals that being in a public school compared to a private one (Beta = 0.344) and breastfeeding (Beta = 0.51) were highly associated with lower odds of asthma, while having a positive family of allergic rhinitis (Beta = 2.129) and the intake of any medication during pregnancy (Beta = 7.052) were highly associated with higher odds of asthma.
A second logistic regression, taking as the dependent variable asthmatic versus healthy children and taking each OTC drug as an independent variable, showed that taking paracetamol once per week during pregnancy (Beta = 4.66) and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) once per month (Beta = 3.498) compared to no intake were significantly correlated with higher probability of asthma.
Conclusion: Our findings showed that the intake of paracetamol, vitamin C, and PPIs during pregnancy is strongly correlated with asthma in the offspring. Since these factors are avoidable, it is necessary to raise awareness among healthcare professionals to reduce the prevalence of asthma in children.
References
1. GINA guidelines. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention 2020. Available from: https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/GINA-2020-report_20_06_04-1-wms.pdf. [Accessed February 8, 2020].
2. Cdc. National surveillance of asthma: United states, 2001 2010. Available from: http://www.Cdc.Gov/nchs/data/series/sr_03/sr03_035.Pdf. [accessed].
3. Trivedi M, Denton E. 2019. Asthma in children and adults-what are the differences and what can they tell us about asthma? Front Pediatr. 7:256. 10.3389/fped.2019.00256
4. Hallit S, Leynaert B, Delmas MC, Rocchi S, De Blic J, Marguet C, et al. 2018. Wheezing phenotypes and risk factors in early life: The ELFE cohort. PLoS One. 13(4):e0196711. 10.1371/journal.pone.0196711
5. Fuchs O, Bahmer T, Rabe KF, von Mutius E. 2017. Asthma transition from childhood into adulthood. Lancet Respir Med. 5(3):224–234. 10.1016/S2213-2600(16)30187-4
6. Genuneit J. 2014. Sex-specific development of asthma differs between farm and nonfarm children: A cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 190(5):588–590. 10.1164/rccm.201403-0428LE
7. Kozyrskyj AL, Kendall GE, Jacoby P, Sly PD, Zubrick SR. 2010. Association between socioeconomic status and the development of asthma: Analyses of income trajectories. Am J Public Health. 100(3):540–546. 10.2105/AJPH.2008.150771
8. Kiboneka A, Levin M, Mosalakatane T, Makone I, Wobudeya E, Makubate B, Hopp R, Mazhani L, Kung SJ. 2016. Prevalence of asthma among school children in Gaborone, Botswana. Afr Health Sci. 16(3):809–816. 10.4314/ahs.v16i3.22
9. Mannino dm, homa dm, pertowski ca, et al. Surveillance for asthma-united states, 1960-1995. Mor mortal wkly rep cdc surveill summ 1998;47:1–27. Available from: http://www.Cdc.Gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00052262.Htm. [accessed].
10. Waked M, Salameh P. 2006. Asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema in 13-14-year-old schoolchildren across Lebanon. J Med Liban. 54(4):181–190.
11. Weiland SK, Bjorksten B, Brunekreef B, Cookson WO, von Mutius E, Strachan DP, International Study of A, Allergies in Childhood Phase IISG. 2004. Phase ii of the international study of asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC II): Rationale and methods. Eur Respir J. 24(3):406–412. 10.1183/09031936.04.00090303
12. Adriaenssens N, Coenen S, Versporten A, Muller A, Minalu G, Faes C, et al. 2011. European surveillance of antimicrobial consumption (ESAC): Outpatient quinolone use in Europe (1997-2009). J Antimicrob Chemother. 66 Suppl 6:vi47–56. 10.1093/jac/dkr457
13. Stensballe LG, Simonsen J, Jensen SM, Bonnelykke K, Bisgaard H. 2013. Use of antibiotics during pregnancy increases the risk of asthma in early childhood. J Pediatr. 162(4):832–838, e833.10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.09.049
14. Metsala J, Lundqvist A, Virta LJ, Kaila M, Gissler M, Virtanen SM. 2015. Prenatal and post-natal exposure to antibiotics and risk of asthma in childhood. Clin Exp Allergy. 45(1):137–145. 10.1111/cea.12356
15. Goksor E, Alm B, Pettersson R, Mollborg P, Erdes L, Aberg N, et al. 2013. Early fish introduction and neonatal antibiotics affect the risk of asthma into school age. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 24(4):339–344. 10.1111/pai.12078
16. Ong MS, Umetsu DT, Mandl KD. 2014. Consequences of antibiotics and infections in infancy: Bugs, drugs, and wheezing. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 112(5):441–445, e441. 10.1016/j.anai.2014.01.022
17. Farah R, Lahoud N, Salameh P, Saleh N. 2015. Antibiotic dispensation by Lebanese pharmacists: A comparison of higher and lower socio-economic levels. J Infect Public Health. 8(1):37–46. 10.1016/j.jiph.2014.07.003
18. Salameh P, Sacre H, Hallit S, Hajj A. [(accessed Jan 13, 2020)]; antibiotic resistance in lebanon. Available from: http://resistancecontrol.Info/2017/antibiotic-resistance-in-lebanon/. [accessed].
19. Badro DA, Sacre H, Hallit S, Amhaz A, Salameh P. 2020. Good pharmacy practice assessment among community pharmacies in lebanon. Pharm Pract (Granada). 18(1):1745. 10.18549/PharmPract.2020.1.1745
20. Shaheen SO, Newson RB, Henderson AJ, Headley JE, Stratton FD, Jones RW, et al. 2005. Prenatal paracetamol exposure and risk of asthma and elevated immunoglobulin e in childhood. Clin Exp Allergy. 35(1):18–25. 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02151.x
21. Shaheen SO, Newson RB, Sherriff A, Henderson AJ, Heron JE, Burney PG, et al. 2002. Paracetamol use in pregnancy and wheezing in early childhood. Thorax. 57(11):958–963. 10.1136/thorax.57.11.958
22. Lourido-Cebreiro T, Salgado FJ, Valdes L, Gonzalez-Barcala FJ. 2017. The association between paracetamol and asthma is still under debate. J Asthma. 54(1):32–38. 10.1080/02770903.2016.1194431
23. Gupta A, Bush A, Hawrylowicz C, Saglani S. 2012. Vitamin d and asthma in children. Paediatr Respir Rev. 13(4):236–243; quiz 243. 10.1016/j.prrv.2011.07.003
24. Dehlink E, Yen E, Leichtner AM, Hait EJ, Fiebiger E. 2009. First evidence of a possible association between gastric acid suppression during pregnancy and childhood asthma: A population-based register study. Clin Exp Allergy. 39(2):246–253. 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03125.x
25. Mulder B, Schuiling-Veninga CC, Bos HJ, De Vries TW, Jick SS, Hak E. 2014. Prenatal exposure to acid-suppressive drugs and the risk of allergic diseases in the offspring: A cohort study. Clin Exp Allergy. 44(2):261–269. 10.1111/cea.12227
26. Yitshak-Sade M, Gorodischer R, Aviram M, Novack L. 2016. Prenatal exposure to h2 blockers and to proton pump inhibitors and asthma development in offspring. J Clin Pharmacol. 56(1):116–123. 10.1002/jcph.574
27. Nezvalova-Henriksen K, Spigset O, Nordeng H. 2013. Effects of ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, and piroxicam on the course of pregnancy and pregnancy outcome: A prospective cohort study. BJOG. 120(8):948–959. 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.02.024; 10.1111/1471-0528.12192
28. Hallit S, Assi TB, Hallit R, Salameh P. 2017. Allergic diseases, smoking, and environmental exposure among university students in lebanon. J Asthma. 2018 Jan;55(1):35–42. 10.1080/02770903.2017.1306075
29. Hallit S, Raherison C, Abou Abdallah R, Hallit R, Salameh P. 2017. Correlation of types of food and asthma diagnosis in childhood: A case-control study. J Asthma. 0. 10.1080/02770903.2017.1379535
30. Hallit S, Raherison C, Malaeb D, Hallit R, Kheir N, Salameh P. 2018. The AAA risk factors scale: A new model to screen for the risk of asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis in children. Med Princ Pract. 10.1159/000490704
31. Hallit S, Raherison C, Malaeb D, Hallit R, Waked M, Kheir N, et al. 2018. Development of an asthma risk factors scale (ARFS) for risk assessment asthma screening in children. Pediatr Neonatol. 10.1016/j.pedneo.2018.05.009
32. Hallit S, Raherison C, Waked M, Hallit R, Layoun N, Salameh P. et al. 2018. Validation of the mini pediatric asthma quality of life questionnaire and identification of risk factors affecting quality of life among Lebanese children. J Asthma. 1–11. 10.1080/02770903.2018.1441417
33. Hallit S, Raherison C, Waked M, Salameh P. 2017. Validation of asthma control questionnaire and risk factors affecting uncontrolled asthma among the Lebanese children’s population. Respir Med. 122:51–57. 10.1016/j.rmed.2016.11.018
34. Hallit S, Salameh P. 2017. Exposure to toxics during pregnancy and childhood and asthma in children: A pilot study. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 7(3):147–154. 10.1016/j.jegh.2017.04.004
35. Hallit S, Raherison C, Waked M, Salameh P. 2017. Association between caregiver exposure to toxics during pregnancy and childhood-onset asthma: A case-control study. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 16(6):488–500.
36. Diana Malaeb, Souheil Hallit, Hala Sacre, Rabih Hallit, Pascale Salameh, Factors associated with wheezing among Lebanese children: Results of a cross-sectional study, Allergologia et Immunopathologia, 2020, 10.1016/j.aller.2020.02.003.
37. Cea Soriano L, Hernandez-Diaz S, Johansson S, Nagy P, Garcia-Rodriguez LA. 2016. Exposure to acid-suppressing drugs during pregnancy and the risk of asthma in childhood: An observational cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 43(3):427–437. 10.1111/apt.13486
38. Achieving healthy indoor air. Report of the ATS workshop: Santa Fe, New Mexico, November 16–19, 1995. 1997. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 156(3 Pt 2):S31–64. 10.1164/ajrccm.156.3.rccm1563.suppl
39. McKeever TM, Lewis SA, Smith C, Hubbard R. 2002. The importance of prenatal exposures on the development of allergic disease: A birth cohort study using the west midlands general practice database. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 166(6):827–832. 10.1164/rccm.200202-158OC
40. Rusconi F, Galassi C, Forastiere F, Bellasio M, De Sario M, Ciccone G, et al. 2007. Maternal complications and procedures in pregnancy and at birth and wheezing phenotypes in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 175(1):16–21. 10.1164/rccm.200512-1978OC
41. Koniman R, Chan YH, Tan TN, Van Bever HP. 2007. A matched patient-sibling study on the usage of paracetamol and the subsequent development of allergy and asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 18(2):128–134. 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2006.00484.x
42. Kashanian M, Mohtashami SS, Bemanian MH, Moosavi SAJ, Moradi Lakeh M. 2017. Evaluation of the associations between childhood asthma and prenatal and perinatal factors. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 137(3):290–294. 10.1002/ijgo.12141
43. Fan G, Wang B, Liu C, Li D. 2017. Prenatal paracetamol use and asthma in childhood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 45(6):528–533. 10.1016/j.aller.2016.10.014
44. Devine RE, Sheikh A, Nwaru BI. 2016. Acid-suppressive medications during pregnancy and risk of asthma and allergy in the offspring: Protocol for a systematic review. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 26:16001. 10.1038/npjpcrm.2016.1
45. Hak E, Mulder B, Schuiling-Veninga CC, de Vries TW, Jick SS. 2013. Use of acid-suppressive drugs in pregnancy and the risk of childhood asthma: Bidirectional crossover study using the general practice research database. Drug Saf. 36(11):1097–1104. 10.1007/s40264-013-0093-z
46. Allan KM, Prabhu N, Craig LC, McNeill G, Kirby B, McLay J et al. 2015. Maternal vitamin d and e intakes during pregnancy are associated with asthma in children. Eur Respir J. 45(4):1027–1036. 10.1183/09031936.00102214
47. Goldring ST, Griffiths CJ, Martineau AR, Robinson S, Yu C, Poulton S et al. 2013. Prenatal vitamin d supplementation and child respiratory health: A randomised controlled trial. PLoS One. 8(6):e66627. 10.1371/journal.pone.0066627
48. Marra F, Marra CA, Richardson K, Lynd LD, Kozyrskyj A, Patrick DM et al. 2009. Antibiotic use in children is associated with increased risk of asthma. Pediatrics. 123(3):1003–1010. 10.1542/peds.2008-1146
49. Kozyrskyj AL, Ernst P, Becker AB. 2007. Increased risk of childhood asthma from antibiotic use in early life. Chest. 131(6):1753–1759. 10.1378/chest.06-3008
50. Wickens K, Ingham T, Epton M, Pattemore P, Town I, Fishwick D, et al. 2008. The association of early life exposure to antibiotics and the development of asthma, eczema and atopy in a birth cohort: Confounding or causality? Clin Exp Allergy. 38(8):1318–1324. 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03024.x
51. Jakobsson HE, Jernberg C, Andersson AF, Sjolund-Karlsson M, Jansson JK, Engstrand L. 2010. Short-term antibiotic treatment has differing long-term impacts on the human throat and gut microbiome. PLoS One. 5(3):e9836. 10.1371/journal.pone.0009836
52. Bedford Russell A, Murch SH. 2006. Could peripartum antibiotics have delayed health consequences for the infant? BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 113(7):758–765. 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.00952.x
53. Noverr MC, Huffnagle GB. 2005. The ‘microflora hypothesis’ of allergic diseases. Clin Exp Allergy. 35(12):1511–1520. 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02379.x
54. Sokol H, Pigneur B, Watterlot L, Lakhdari O, Bermudez-Humaran LG, Gratadoux JJ et al. 2008. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of crohn disease patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105(43):16731–16736. 10.1073/pnas.0804812105
55. Marra F, Lynd L, Coombes M, Richardson K, Legal M, Fitzgerald JM et al. 2006. Does antibiotic exposure during infancy lead to development of asthma?: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest. 129(3):610–618. 10.1378/chest.129.3.610
2. Cdc. National surveillance of asthma: United states, 2001 2010. Available from: http://www.Cdc.Gov/nchs/data/series/sr_03/sr03_035.Pdf. [accessed].
3. Trivedi M, Denton E. 2019. Asthma in children and adults-what are the differences and what can they tell us about asthma? Front Pediatr. 7:256. 10.3389/fped.2019.00256
4. Hallit S, Leynaert B, Delmas MC, Rocchi S, De Blic J, Marguet C, et al. 2018. Wheezing phenotypes and risk factors in early life: The ELFE cohort. PLoS One. 13(4):e0196711. 10.1371/journal.pone.0196711
5. Fuchs O, Bahmer T, Rabe KF, von Mutius E. 2017. Asthma transition from childhood into adulthood. Lancet Respir Med. 5(3):224–234. 10.1016/S2213-2600(16)30187-4
6. Genuneit J. 2014. Sex-specific development of asthma differs between farm and nonfarm children: A cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 190(5):588–590. 10.1164/rccm.201403-0428LE
7. Kozyrskyj AL, Kendall GE, Jacoby P, Sly PD, Zubrick SR. 2010. Association between socioeconomic status and the development of asthma: Analyses of income trajectories. Am J Public Health. 100(3):540–546. 10.2105/AJPH.2008.150771
8. Kiboneka A, Levin M, Mosalakatane T, Makone I, Wobudeya E, Makubate B, Hopp R, Mazhani L, Kung SJ. 2016. Prevalence of asthma among school children in Gaborone, Botswana. Afr Health Sci. 16(3):809–816. 10.4314/ahs.v16i3.22
9. Mannino dm, homa dm, pertowski ca, et al. Surveillance for asthma-united states, 1960-1995. Mor mortal wkly rep cdc surveill summ 1998;47:1–27. Available from: http://www.Cdc.Gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00052262.Htm. [accessed].
10. Waked M, Salameh P. 2006. Asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema in 13-14-year-old schoolchildren across Lebanon. J Med Liban. 54(4):181–190.
11. Weiland SK, Bjorksten B, Brunekreef B, Cookson WO, von Mutius E, Strachan DP, International Study of A, Allergies in Childhood Phase IISG. 2004. Phase ii of the international study of asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC II): Rationale and methods. Eur Respir J. 24(3):406–412. 10.1183/09031936.04.00090303
12. Adriaenssens N, Coenen S, Versporten A, Muller A, Minalu G, Faes C, et al. 2011. European surveillance of antimicrobial consumption (ESAC): Outpatient quinolone use in Europe (1997-2009). J Antimicrob Chemother. 66 Suppl 6:vi47–56. 10.1093/jac/dkr457
13. Stensballe LG, Simonsen J, Jensen SM, Bonnelykke K, Bisgaard H. 2013. Use of antibiotics during pregnancy increases the risk of asthma in early childhood. J Pediatr. 162(4):832–838, e833.10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.09.049
14. Metsala J, Lundqvist A, Virta LJ, Kaila M, Gissler M, Virtanen SM. 2015. Prenatal and post-natal exposure to antibiotics and risk of asthma in childhood. Clin Exp Allergy. 45(1):137–145. 10.1111/cea.12356
15. Goksor E, Alm B, Pettersson R, Mollborg P, Erdes L, Aberg N, et al. 2013. Early fish introduction and neonatal antibiotics affect the risk of asthma into school age. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 24(4):339–344. 10.1111/pai.12078
16. Ong MS, Umetsu DT, Mandl KD. 2014. Consequences of antibiotics and infections in infancy: Bugs, drugs, and wheezing. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 112(5):441–445, e441. 10.1016/j.anai.2014.01.022
17. Farah R, Lahoud N, Salameh P, Saleh N. 2015. Antibiotic dispensation by Lebanese pharmacists: A comparison of higher and lower socio-economic levels. J Infect Public Health. 8(1):37–46. 10.1016/j.jiph.2014.07.003
18. Salameh P, Sacre H, Hallit S, Hajj A. [(accessed Jan 13, 2020)]; antibiotic resistance in lebanon. Available from: http://resistancecontrol.Info/2017/antibiotic-resistance-in-lebanon/. [accessed].
19. Badro DA, Sacre H, Hallit S, Amhaz A, Salameh P. 2020. Good pharmacy practice assessment among community pharmacies in lebanon. Pharm Pract (Granada). 18(1):1745. 10.18549/PharmPract.2020.1.1745
20. Shaheen SO, Newson RB, Henderson AJ, Headley JE, Stratton FD, Jones RW, et al. 2005. Prenatal paracetamol exposure and risk of asthma and elevated immunoglobulin e in childhood. Clin Exp Allergy. 35(1):18–25. 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02151.x
21. Shaheen SO, Newson RB, Sherriff A, Henderson AJ, Heron JE, Burney PG, et al. 2002. Paracetamol use in pregnancy and wheezing in early childhood. Thorax. 57(11):958–963. 10.1136/thorax.57.11.958
22. Lourido-Cebreiro T, Salgado FJ, Valdes L, Gonzalez-Barcala FJ. 2017. The association between paracetamol and asthma is still under debate. J Asthma. 54(1):32–38. 10.1080/02770903.2016.1194431
23. Gupta A, Bush A, Hawrylowicz C, Saglani S. 2012. Vitamin d and asthma in children. Paediatr Respir Rev. 13(4):236–243; quiz 243. 10.1016/j.prrv.2011.07.003
24. Dehlink E, Yen E, Leichtner AM, Hait EJ, Fiebiger E. 2009. First evidence of a possible association between gastric acid suppression during pregnancy and childhood asthma: A population-based register study. Clin Exp Allergy. 39(2):246–253. 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03125.x
25. Mulder B, Schuiling-Veninga CC, Bos HJ, De Vries TW, Jick SS, Hak E. 2014. Prenatal exposure to acid-suppressive drugs and the risk of allergic diseases in the offspring: A cohort study. Clin Exp Allergy. 44(2):261–269. 10.1111/cea.12227
26. Yitshak-Sade M, Gorodischer R, Aviram M, Novack L. 2016. Prenatal exposure to h2 blockers and to proton pump inhibitors and asthma development in offspring. J Clin Pharmacol. 56(1):116–123. 10.1002/jcph.574
27. Nezvalova-Henriksen K, Spigset O, Nordeng H. 2013. Effects of ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, and piroxicam on the course of pregnancy and pregnancy outcome: A prospective cohort study. BJOG. 120(8):948–959. 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.02.024; 10.1111/1471-0528.12192
28. Hallit S, Assi TB, Hallit R, Salameh P. 2017. Allergic diseases, smoking, and environmental exposure among university students in lebanon. J Asthma. 2018 Jan;55(1):35–42. 10.1080/02770903.2017.1306075
29. Hallit S, Raherison C, Abou Abdallah R, Hallit R, Salameh P. 2017. Correlation of types of food and asthma diagnosis in childhood: A case-control study. J Asthma. 0. 10.1080/02770903.2017.1379535
30. Hallit S, Raherison C, Malaeb D, Hallit R, Kheir N, Salameh P. 2018. The AAA risk factors scale: A new model to screen for the risk of asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis in children. Med Princ Pract. 10.1159/000490704
31. Hallit S, Raherison C, Malaeb D, Hallit R, Waked M, Kheir N, et al. 2018. Development of an asthma risk factors scale (ARFS) for risk assessment asthma screening in children. Pediatr Neonatol. 10.1016/j.pedneo.2018.05.009
32. Hallit S, Raherison C, Waked M, Hallit R, Layoun N, Salameh P. et al. 2018. Validation of the mini pediatric asthma quality of life questionnaire and identification of risk factors affecting quality of life among Lebanese children. J Asthma. 1–11. 10.1080/02770903.2018.1441417
33. Hallit S, Raherison C, Waked M, Salameh P. 2017. Validation of asthma control questionnaire and risk factors affecting uncontrolled asthma among the Lebanese children’s population. Respir Med. 122:51–57. 10.1016/j.rmed.2016.11.018
34. Hallit S, Salameh P. 2017. Exposure to toxics during pregnancy and childhood and asthma in children: A pilot study. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 7(3):147–154. 10.1016/j.jegh.2017.04.004
35. Hallit S, Raherison C, Waked M, Salameh P. 2017. Association between caregiver exposure to toxics during pregnancy and childhood-onset asthma: A case-control study. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 16(6):488–500.
36. Diana Malaeb, Souheil Hallit, Hala Sacre, Rabih Hallit, Pascale Salameh, Factors associated with wheezing among Lebanese children: Results of a cross-sectional study, Allergologia et Immunopathologia, 2020, 10.1016/j.aller.2020.02.003.
37. Cea Soriano L, Hernandez-Diaz S, Johansson S, Nagy P, Garcia-Rodriguez LA. 2016. Exposure to acid-suppressing drugs during pregnancy and the risk of asthma in childhood: An observational cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 43(3):427–437. 10.1111/apt.13486
38. Achieving healthy indoor air. Report of the ATS workshop: Santa Fe, New Mexico, November 16–19, 1995. 1997. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 156(3 Pt 2):S31–64. 10.1164/ajrccm.156.3.rccm1563.suppl
39. McKeever TM, Lewis SA, Smith C, Hubbard R. 2002. The importance of prenatal exposures on the development of allergic disease: A birth cohort study using the west midlands general practice database. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 166(6):827–832. 10.1164/rccm.200202-158OC
40. Rusconi F, Galassi C, Forastiere F, Bellasio M, De Sario M, Ciccone G, et al. 2007. Maternal complications and procedures in pregnancy and at birth and wheezing phenotypes in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 175(1):16–21. 10.1164/rccm.200512-1978OC
41. Koniman R, Chan YH, Tan TN, Van Bever HP. 2007. A matched patient-sibling study on the usage of paracetamol and the subsequent development of allergy and asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 18(2):128–134. 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2006.00484.x
42. Kashanian M, Mohtashami SS, Bemanian MH, Moosavi SAJ, Moradi Lakeh M. 2017. Evaluation of the associations between childhood asthma and prenatal and perinatal factors. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 137(3):290–294. 10.1002/ijgo.12141
43. Fan G, Wang B, Liu C, Li D. 2017. Prenatal paracetamol use and asthma in childhood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 45(6):528–533. 10.1016/j.aller.2016.10.014
44. Devine RE, Sheikh A, Nwaru BI. 2016. Acid-suppressive medications during pregnancy and risk of asthma and allergy in the offspring: Protocol for a systematic review. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 26:16001. 10.1038/npjpcrm.2016.1
45. Hak E, Mulder B, Schuiling-Veninga CC, de Vries TW, Jick SS. 2013. Use of acid-suppressive drugs in pregnancy and the risk of childhood asthma: Bidirectional crossover study using the general practice research database. Drug Saf. 36(11):1097–1104. 10.1007/s40264-013-0093-z
46. Allan KM, Prabhu N, Craig LC, McNeill G, Kirby B, McLay J et al. 2015. Maternal vitamin d and e intakes during pregnancy are associated with asthma in children. Eur Respir J. 45(4):1027–1036. 10.1183/09031936.00102214
47. Goldring ST, Griffiths CJ, Martineau AR, Robinson S, Yu C, Poulton S et al. 2013. Prenatal vitamin d supplementation and child respiratory health: A randomised controlled trial. PLoS One. 8(6):e66627. 10.1371/journal.pone.0066627
48. Marra F, Marra CA, Richardson K, Lynd LD, Kozyrskyj A, Patrick DM et al. 2009. Antibiotic use in children is associated with increased risk of asthma. Pediatrics. 123(3):1003–1010. 10.1542/peds.2008-1146
49. Kozyrskyj AL, Ernst P, Becker AB. 2007. Increased risk of childhood asthma from antibiotic use in early life. Chest. 131(6):1753–1759. 10.1378/chest.06-3008
50. Wickens K, Ingham T, Epton M, Pattemore P, Town I, Fishwick D, et al. 2008. The association of early life exposure to antibiotics and the development of asthma, eczema and atopy in a birth cohort: Confounding or causality? Clin Exp Allergy. 38(8):1318–1324. 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03024.x
51. Jakobsson HE, Jernberg C, Andersson AF, Sjolund-Karlsson M, Jansson JK, Engstrand L. 2010. Short-term antibiotic treatment has differing long-term impacts on the human throat and gut microbiome. PLoS One. 5(3):e9836. 10.1371/journal.pone.0009836
52. Bedford Russell A, Murch SH. 2006. Could peripartum antibiotics have delayed health consequences for the infant? BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 113(7):758–765. 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.00952.x
53. Noverr MC, Huffnagle GB. 2005. The ‘microflora hypothesis’ of allergic diseases. Clin Exp Allergy. 35(12):1511–1520. 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02379.x
54. Sokol H, Pigneur B, Watterlot L, Lakhdari O, Bermudez-Humaran LG, Gratadoux JJ et al. 2008. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of crohn disease patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105(43):16731–16736. 10.1073/pnas.0804812105
55. Marra F, Lynd L, Coombes M, Richardson K, Legal M, Fitzgerald JM et al. 2006. Does antibiotic exposure during infancy lead to development of asthma?: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest. 129(3):610–618. 10.1378/chest.129.3.610
Article Sidebar
Published
Mar 1, 2021
Article Details
How to Cite
Malaeb, D., Hallit, S., Sacre, H., Rahme, C., Malaeb, B., Hallit, R., & Salameh, P. (2021). Preconception exposure to over-the-counter medications and antibiotics and the risk of childhood asthma in Lebanon: A cross-sectional study. Allergologia Et Immunopathologia, 49(2), 104-112. https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v49i2.46
Section
Original Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Malaeb, D., Hallit, S., Sacre, H., Rahme, C., Malaeb, B., Hallit, R., & Salameh, P. (2021). Preconception exposure to over-the-counter medications and antibiotics and the risk of childhood asthma in Lebanon: A cross-sectional study. Allergologia Et Immunopathologia, 49(2), 104-112. https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v49i2.46