Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s): The spotlight in asthma pathogenesis and lung tissue injury
Main Article Content
Keywords
asthma, cytokines, ILC2, innate lymphoid cells, type 2 inflammation
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease with ranging etiology and severity. Asthma is a disease of chronic inflammation of the airways, with clinical symptoms of wheezing, breathlessness, cough, and chest tightness manifested as chronic fixed or variable airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness that predispose the airway epithelium to repeated injury, repair, and regeneration. In recent years, innate lymphoid cells (ILC1, ILC2, and ILC3) have been discovered. The predominant ILC type found in the lung tissue is group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). Upon damage to the airway epithelium mediating the release of epithelial cytokines (TSLP, IL-33, and IL-25) ensued the activation of ILC2 in an antigen-independent manner. Activated ILC2 produces a significant amount of type 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13), altogether contributing to type 2 inflammation in the airways. ILC2s are mediators of type 2 immunity for many type 2 inflammatory diseases such as asthma, since ILC2s were reported to play an important role in asthma pathogenesis. Here we discuss the role of ILC2 in the development of asthma and ILC2 effector cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) contributing to airway epithelial structural changes.
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14. Hara K, Lijima k, Elias Mk, Seno S, Tojima I, et al. Airway uric acid is a sensor of inhaled protease allergens and initiates type 2 immune responses in the respiratory mucosa. J Immunol. 2014 May 1;192(9):4032–42. 10.4049/jimmunol.1400110
15. Salter BM, Aw M, Sehmi R. The role of type 2 innate lymphoid cells in eosinophilic asthma. J Leukoc Biol. 2019;106(4):889–901. 10.1002/JLB.3MR1217-497R
16. Woodruff PG, Modrek B, Choy DF, et al. T-helper 2-driven inflammation defines major subphenotypes of asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Sep 1;180(5):388–95. 10.1164/rccm.200903-0392OC
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18. Kindermann M, et al. ILC2s in infectious diseases and organ-specific fibrosis. Semin Immunopathol. 2018 Jul; 40(4):379–392. 10.1007/s00281-018-0677-x
19. Bush A. Pathophysiological mechanism of asthma. Front Pediatr. 2019;7:68. 10.3389/fped.2019.00068
20. Lloyd Clare M, Hessel EM. Function of T cells in asthma: More than just TH2 cells. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010 Dec;10(12):10. 10.1038/nri2870
21. Moqbel R, et al. Allergy, asthma, and inflammation: Which inflammatory cell type is more important? Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2008;4(4):150–156. 10.1186/1710-1492-4-4-150
22. Han Gao, et al. Pathological roles of neutrophil-mediated inflammation in asthma and its potential for therapy as a target. J. Immunol Res. 2017;2017:3743048. 10.1155/2017/3743048
23. Bousquet J, et al. Eosinophilic inflammation in asthma. N Engl J Med. 1990 Oct 11;323(15):1033–9. 10.1056/NEJM199010113231505
24. Wang Y, et al. Role of airway epithelial cells in the development of asthma and allergic rhinitis. Respir Med. 2008 Jul;102(7):949–55. 10.1016/j.rmed.2008.01.017
25. Balhara J, Gounni AS. The alveolar macrophages in asthma: A double-edge sword. Mucosal Immunol. 2012 Nov;5(6):605–9. 10.1038/mi.2012.74
26. Kim JH, et al. Role of natural killer cells in airway inflammation. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2018 Sep;10(5):448–56. 10.4168/aair.2018.10.5.448
27. Bernink JH, et al. The role of ILC2s in pathology of type 2 inflammatory diseases. Curr Opin Immunol. 2014 Dec;31:115–20. 10.1016/j.coi.2014.10.007
28. Inflammation and host response to injury a multi-disciplinary research program. Blue Grant; 2001.
29. Rackemann FM. A working classification of asthma. Am J Med. 1947;3:601–6. 10.1016/0002-9343(47)90204-0
30. Evans CK, et al. Mucus hypersecretion in asthma: Causes and effects. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2009 Jan;15(1):4–11. 10.1097/MCP.0b013e32831da8d3
31. Hirota N, Martin JG. Mechanisms of airway remodeling. Chest. 2013 Sep;144(3):1026–32. DOI: 10.1378/chest.12-3073
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Mar 1, 2021
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Sadik, S., Lu, Y., Zhu, S., Cai, J., & Mi, L. L. (2021). Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s): The spotlight in asthma pathogenesis and lung tissue injury. Allergologia Et Immunopathologia, 49(2), 208-216. https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v49i2.29
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How to Cite
Sadik, S., Lu, Y., Zhu, S., Cai, J., & Mi, L. L. (2021). Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s): The spotlight in asthma pathogenesis and lung tissue injury. Allergologia Et Immunopathologia, 49(2), 208-216. https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v49i2.29